Innovation #2

Measuring Spillovers Through Biological Pathways

A GWAS discovery about Gene A doesn't just benefit research on Gene A. Biologically related genes—those in the same pathways—also benefit from the new knowledge.

GWAS Finding

Gene A → Disease X

KEGG Pathways

Biological relationships

Related Genes

B, C, D in same pathways

Spillover

Innovation on B-X, C-X

Key insight: KEGG pathways let us define biological "distance" between genes—enabling rigorous measurement of how far knowledge travels.