ROI studies rely on patent citations, but citations miss when research influences innovation without explicit reference.
Metrics only count direct outcomes, but discoveries about one gene inform research on biologically related genes.
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Extract gene-disease mentions directly from patent text using biomedical language models—capturing actual content, not just citations.
→ Comprehensive patent-to-science linkage
Use biological pathway networks to measure how knowledge flows from discovered genes to related genes.
→ Quantifiable "distance" for spillovers